Sections 4 and 5

• -Philip II of Macedon He dreamed of taking control of Greece and then moving against Persia to seize its vast wealth. Philip also hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.
• -Macedonia was home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centered on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula.
• -During his youth, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until age 16. After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, he succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army.
• Darius III was the Persian king defeated by Alexander.

• How was Philip II able to conquer Greece?

He organized his troops into phalanxes of 16 men across and 16 deep, each one armed with an 18-foot pike. Philip used this heavy phalanx formation to break through enemy lines. Then he used fast moving cavalry to crush his disorganized opponents.

• What happened to Alexander's empire after his death?

His Macedonian generals fought among themselves for control of his empire. Three leaders won out--Antigonus became king of Macedonia, Ptolemy seized Egypt, and Seleucus took most of the old Persian Empire. They all governed with complete power over their subjects, ignoring democratic traditions of the Greek polis.

• Phillip II's goal was †o conquer persia. Why did Alexander continued his campaign of conquest after this goal had been achieved?

Because he was greedy and because Alexander's sense of adventure led him to believe that he would be able to conquer all civilizations and united them

• -Hellenistic is a  combination of Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences
• -Alexandria is an Egyptian city founded by Alexander the Great and was the center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization
• -Euclid is a  highly regarded mathematician who taught in Alexandria
• -Archimedes was a Hellenistic scientist who studied in Alexandria, and accurately estimated the value of pi- the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter
• -Colossus of Rhodes is a  big bronze statue that stood more than 100 feet tall. Was the largest known Hellenistic sculpture found on the island of Rhodes. It fell due to an earthquake in 225 B.C. and the bronze was sold for scrap

How did trade contribute to cultural diversity in the Hellenistic city of Alexandria?

It caused people of other countries to meet and exchange different customs to one another.

How did Euclid influence some of the developments in astronomy during the Hellenistic period?

the geometry that he wrote about helped Eratosthenes and Aristarchus calculate the earth size.

What did Stoicism and Epicureanism have in common?

Both believed in living in harmony and in peace