Italy the birthplace of Renaissance

Renaissance
Period of rebirth of art and learning in Europe lasting from about 1300 to 1600
Humanism
Focusses on human potential and achievements
Secular
Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
Patrons
People who are financially support artists
Perspective
An art technique that re-creates three dimensions
Vernacular
The use of native language instead of classical Latin

Renaissance men who excelled in many fields were praised as a universal man. A young man should be charming, witty, well educated, know how to dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. He should also be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman. Renaissance women were expected to know the classics and be charming. They were expected to inspire art but not create it. They were better educated than medieval women but had little influence in politics.


It had thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of ancient Greece.

They beautified Rome and other cities by spending huge amounts on the arts. They became patrons by financially supporting artists. Wealthy families were also patrons of the arts. They had their importance demonstrated by having their portraits painted in public squares.

Test day

The test wasn't as bad as I pictured. I studied a lot and looking over the powerpoint I noticed one question I missed but I was pretty okay on everything else. I still have no idea who the leader was that set a voyage to Britain but oh well. I think that it won't kill my grade too much but you never know.

Review for Test

republic

a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders

patricians

the wealthy landowners who held most of the power

plebeians

the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population

tribunes

rome's leaders allowed the plebeians to form their own assebly and elect representatives

consuls

two officals who commanded the army and directed the government (like kings)

senate

aristocratic brand of romes government (had both legislative and administrative functions in the republic)

dictator

a leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army

legions

roman soilders organized into large military units

punic wars

between 264 and 146 bc, rome and carthage fought three wars

hannibal

brilliant military strategist who wanted to avenge carthage's earlier defeat

civil war

or conflict between groups within the same country, followed their deaths

Julius Caesar

military leader in 60 B.C; joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy roman, and Pompey, a popular general

The triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey ruled Rome for 10 years before

a group of three rulers

Augustus

First emperor of Rome

meaning "exhalted one"

Pax Romana

the period of peace and prosperity meaning "Roman peace

Greco- Roman culture

the mixing elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture

Pompeii

Roman town and dated from as early as the second century B.C

Virgil

spent ten years writing the most famous work of Latin literature, the Aeneid, the epic of the legendary Aeneas

Tactitus

wrote annals and histories

Aqueducts

designed by Roman engineers to bring water into the cities and towns. When the water channel spanned a river or ravine, the aqueduct was lifted high up on arches

etruscans are

metal workers, artists, architects

greeks had many colonies around the

mediterranean sea

latins settled on the banks of

tiber river

latins built settlement on

palatine

king tarquin was the

seventh and final king of rome

the law of the twelve tribes

Foundation of Roman civil law; the first written law code in Rome; hung in the Roman Forum

SPQR (Senatus Populesque Romanus)

designates any decree or decision made by "the roman senate and people"

res publica means

the people's affairs

democracy in rome is

peoples assemblys and tribunes

aristocracy is rome is

senate (300 memebers) and members for life

monarchy in rome is

consuls

assemblies for rome

-members for life

- was 193 members but later 373 members 

- was for plebians and lower

house of representatives for united states

- 435 members

- 2 year term

- md has 8 representatives

- 55 from cali

senate for united states

- 100 members

- six year term

- 2 from each state

legion

5000 soilders, not in it for pay (not yet)

century

group of 80 soilders

the first punic war 

(246-241 BCE)

- naval battles for sicily 

- rome wins

Second Punic War (218-201 BC)

- hannibal: tries to take over rome

- attacks rome from north after crossing lberia and alps

third punic war (149-146 bce)

- rome threats carthage

- scipio, tiberius gracchus, attacked city

- carthage burned down for 17 days and last 50,000 people were enslaved

latrifundia

big farms became massive estates

poet juvenal said rome

"anxiously hopes for two things= bread and circuses"

First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

"crossing the rubicon" means

crossing the point of no return

"sic semper tyrannis" means

"thus always to tyrants"

second triumvirate

Mark Antony, Octavian, Lepidus

Notes

-5000 soldiers, not in itfor pay (not yet)
-the roman army's elite heavy infantry
-recruited exclusively from roman citizen
-group of 80 is a century
-on horseback is cavalry
-shield, sword, dagger, and armor and tunic
-The Punic Wars (264-146 BCE)
-rome vs. Carthage
-3 wars

First Punic War:
-naval battles from control of the strategically located island of Sicily
-rome wins

Second Punic War (218-201 BCE):
-29-year-old Carthaginian general Hannibal almost does the impossible: taking Rome
-attacks Rome from the north after crossing Iberia (spain) and the Alps
-lays siege to much  of the peninsula for 15 years, but he can never get to Rome
-third and final Punic war (149-146)
-Rome wanted to finally remove the threat of Carthage permanently
-Tiberius Gracchus, and others mercilessly attacked the city
-Carthage was burned for 17 days; the city's walls and buildings were utterly destroyed
-when the war ended, the last 50,000 people in the city  were sold into slavery
-the rest of Carthage's territories were annexed, and made into the Roman province of Africa

slaves poured into Italy:
-by the end of the second century BCE there were over a million slaves in Italy
-small farmers lost their land to aristocrats if they couldn't pay off their debts, sometimes because --the men of the farm were fighting battles
-slaves did the work on the farms for the rich
-the big farms became massive estates called latifundia

Day 8

terms:
Greco-Roman culture- The mixing of elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures
Pompeii- a large Roman town in the Italian region of Campania which was completely buried in volcanic ash following the eruption of nearby Mt. Vesuvius
Virgil- a poet who wrote the Aeneid
Tactius- a Roman historian who presented the facts accurately
Aqueduct- designed by Roman engineers to bring water into cities and towns
Questions:

5.)What influence did Latin have on the development of western languages?
It started the language called the Romance languages which were the French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian adopting Latin into their languages

Day 7

In my own opinion, I don't believe that the United States will fall Roman Empire because our government is stronger and holds a better foundations from the lessons we learned from the past. he U.S. is certainly undergoing a period of political upheaval, with the country often split on major issues and animosity rising between different sides. The election of Donald Trump both increased the divide and is a symptom of it. Still, the U.S. is a democratic society, with checks and balances. It is also not the first time in recent history the country dealt with divisive issues, with the civil rights struggle and Vietnam War being quite contemporary events. The U.S. is poised to continue with its political system relatively healthy and functioning.

DAY 6

terms:

inflation- a drastic drop in the value of money coupled with a raise in prices
mercenary- foreign soldiers who fought for money, felt little sense of loyalty to the empire
Diocletian- a strong-willed army leader, became the new emperor of Rome in 284 A.D. 
Constantinople- The city of Constantine, the new name for the capital
Attila- a powerful chieftain who terrorized both halves of the empire

Questions: 3. The main internal causes of the fall of the Roman Empire were inflation, serious agricultural problems, destroyed farmland due to wars, and the disarray of the military by the lack of discipline and loyalty.

4. Diocletian succeeded by ruling with an iron fist and fixing the previous problems Rome suffered. He split the entire empire in half and ruled the Eastern part, and he doubled the size of the Roman army. 

5. The Germans invaded the Roman Empire because they were fleeing the Huns who had moved into their lands and were destroying their homes.

DAY 5

terms
Jesus: A Jew who was born in the town of Bethlehem in Judea.
Apostle: 12 men who were Jesus' disciples/pupils.
Paul: An apostle who had an enormous development on the development of Christianity.
Diaspora: The Roman emperor who fought three rivals for leadership of Rome.
Bishop: A priest who supervised several local churches.
Peter: Traveled to Rome from Jerusalem and became the first bishop there.
Pope: Peter was the first pope, the father or head of the Christian Church. Whoever was Bishop of Rome was the leader of the whole church.
questions
3. In the early teachings of Jesus, he emphasized God's personal relationship to each human being. He wanted people to know that God loves them and that they should give their love back to God.

4. The Christians faced persecution from the Romans because they would refuse to worship Roman God's which hurt Roman rulers. Along with this, rulers would use them as scapegoats for political and economical troubles. As a result, Romans started to exile, imprison, and execute the Christians.

5. The importance of the Nicene Creed was that it was the first thing to really define the beliefs of the church. There never was anything prior to this that laid the law out clearly for the members of the church.

DAY 4

Mr. Schicks rap and the powerpoint both have simular points that they both cover about Ancient Rome. In the first paragraph of the rap it says "Well, you got the Etruscans and the Greeks
But the Latins came first" This line is referring to a slide on his powerpoint about how which civilization took land first and the impact that they had. He also says"They turned around and ran that tyrant outta town" This is referencing to Tarquin who was a messed up leader and turned the people against a monarchy. He also mentions Patricians and plebeians havin’ some fun which is talking about how the new government split the people into those two groups. Patricians are the rich upper class, it is also 2 percent of the population of Rome.

DAY 3

terms
Civil War- Conflicts between groups in the same country.

Julius Caesar- A military leader named Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general.

Triumvirate- A group of three rulers.

Augustus- Title that means"exalted one."

Pax Romana- For 207 years, peace was throughout the empire, except for some fighting with tribes along the borders. This period of peace meant “Roman peace.”

questions

3. The fall of the Roman Republic was due to discontent among lower classes and a breakdown of the military order/power.

4. Romans were able to control such a large empire because they had a very good and working government system and they had able rulers that knew how to fight and control.

5. To control Rome, officials tried to provide free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests.

DAY 2

terms
Republic: Form of government in which power rests with the citizens who have the right to vote for leaders. Voting rights in Rome were granted only to free-born male citizens.

Patrician: The wealthy landowners who held most of the power. 

Plebeian: The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population. 

Tribune: Own assembly that elect representatives. 

Consul: Rome's two officials who could overrule each other.

Senate: Aristocratic branch of Rome’s government. It had both legislative and administrative functions in the republic

Dictator: A leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army. 

Legion: Roman soldiers who were organized into large military units.

Punic Wars: Three wars between Rome and Carthage, fought between 264BC-146BC. Rome won all three.
Hannibal: Carthaginian general, brilliant military strategist who wanted to avenge Carthage’s earlier defeat. 

questions

3. There were three main limits of Roman Consuls, they could only serve for one year, the same person could not be elected for ten years, and one consul could always overrule the others decision.

4. The Twelve Tables ensured that all laws were clearly seen and that each citizen had protection until the law. 

5. Hannibal's attack on Rome was different from the rest because he had a surprise attack and not a head-on one

DAY 1

Main Ideas
Rome began as a republic, a government in which elected officials represent the people. Eventually, absolute rulers called emperors seized power and expanded the empire.

At its height, the Roman Empire touched three
continents—Europe, Asia, and Africa. For several centuries, Rome brought
peace and prosperity to its empire before its eventual collapse.

Out of Judea rose a monotheistic,
or single-god, religion known as Christianity. Based on the teachings of
Jesus of Nazareth, it soon spread throughout Rome and beyond.

509 BC- Rome becomes a republic
264 BC- First Punic War begins
218 BC- In the second Punic War Hannibal invades Italy
31 BC- Octavia defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra
284 AD- Diocletian becomes emperor
476 AD- Western Roman Empire falls

Notes on Powerpoint

Etruscans
came from north-central part of the peninsula
metalworkers, artists, architects
Greeks
they had many colonies around the Mediterranean Sea
Romans borrowed ideas from them, such as:
religious beliefs
alphabet
much of their art
military techniques and weaponry

the Latins!

descendants of Indo-Europeans

settled on the banks of the Tiber

situated so trading ships - but not war fleets - could navigate as far as Rome, but no further

a commercial port, but not susceptible to attack

and... built on seven hills (esp. Palatine)

Looking Forward

Today Mr. Schick has an Umbilical hernia so he will not be here for the next 10 days or so. While he is gone we will have a sub and while the sub is here we will have work to do in turn for a 10 points for each blog we complete while he is gone.
Here is his disease
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

Test Today

Today we took a test on the textbook we've been reading. I think that I did fairly well on the multiple choice section. As for the essays I think I did okay. It's definitely not my best work but hopefully I explained everything to the best of my abilities. I'm so happy that it is finally break because I need a much needed rest from all of school.

Video

The allegory we watched symbolized how "the unexamined life is not worth living". It is also showing how we should be open to all ideas and listen to others point of view on life. The goal of education is to drag every man as far out of the cave as possible. Education should not aim at putting knowledge into the soul, but at turning the soul toward right desires. Continuing the analogy between mind and sight, Socrates explains that the vision of a clever, wicked man might be just as sharp as that of a philosopher. The problem lies in what he turns his sharp vision toward.

Test on Friday

Today in class we took some notes on section 5 but I did that last class so I was completing and studying a powerpoint that I found.

Who fought in the Peloponnesian War? Why did they fight? What happened?
Athens and Sparta fought because of  and during the war a plaque swept through Athens and killed 1/3 of the population, including Pericles, Sparta wins

How was Macedonia able to conquer Greece?
Philip the 2nd was leader and had weak army, Greece would not unite, and they were weakened by the war

Alexander's first victories against the Persians gave him control over what region?
Anatolia

What cultures were represented in the cultural blend of the Hellenistic culture?
Indian, Persian, Egyptian, and Greek

What did the city-states of Sparta and Athens have in common? How were they different?
They were both city-states and they were different in land and sea power, one was more for military, and one was more for money

What lands did Alexander conquer?
Anatolia, Egypt, Persia, and Greece

When did the following conquer Greece? Mycenaeans, Dorians, Macedonians
2000 B.C., 200 B.C., 338 B.C. (1st Mycenaeans, 2nd Macedonians, and 3rd Dorians

Describe Athenian democracy under Pericles? How did it compare to US democracy?
He had more paid elected officials, and they were a direct democracy (they voted on direct laws and we vote for the people to make the decisions)

What was the direct cause of Athens's move towards democracy?
The golden age, the invasion, they were afraid of revolt

What did Alexander learn from Aristotle?
History of Greece , literature, (and maybe a little more)

Why did Alexander refuse the peace settlement from Darius III?
He wanted it all

Why was the city of Alexandria important in the spread of Hellenistic civilization?
It was center of trade, where the library was, it was a place where cultures came to mix

What caused the decline of Athens' golden age, and the end of the democracy?
The war, military conquest in the democracy

How did Hellenistic sculpture differ from Classical sculpture?
Classical sculpture was perfect and beautiful Hellenistic was more realistic

Sections 4 and 5

• -Philip II of Macedon He dreamed of taking control of Greece and then moving against Persia to seize its vast wealth. Philip also hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.
• -Macedonia was home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centered on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula.
• -During his youth, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until age 16. After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, he succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army.
• Darius III was the Persian king defeated by Alexander.

• How was Philip II able to conquer Greece?

He organized his troops into phalanxes of 16 men across and 16 deep, each one armed with an 18-foot pike. Philip used this heavy phalanx formation to break through enemy lines. Then he used fast moving cavalry to crush his disorganized opponents.

• What happened to Alexander's empire after his death?

His Macedonian generals fought among themselves for control of his empire. Three leaders won out--Antigonus became king of Macedonia, Ptolemy seized Egypt, and Seleucus took most of the old Persian Empire. They all governed with complete power over their subjects, ignoring democratic traditions of the Greek polis.

• Phillip II's goal was †o conquer persia. Why did Alexander continued his campaign of conquest after this goal had been achieved?

Because he was greedy and because Alexander's sense of adventure led him to believe that he would be able to conquer all civilizations and united them

• -Hellenistic is a  combination of Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences
• -Alexandria is an Egyptian city founded by Alexander the Great and was the center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization
• -Euclid is a  highly regarded mathematician who taught in Alexandria
• -Archimedes was a Hellenistic scientist who studied in Alexandria, and accurately estimated the value of pi- the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter
• -Colossus of Rhodes is a  big bronze statue that stood more than 100 feet tall. Was the largest known Hellenistic sculpture found on the island of Rhodes. It fell due to an earthquake in 225 B.C. and the bronze was sold for scrap

How did trade contribute to cultural diversity in the Hellenistic city of Alexandria?

It caused people of other countries to meet and exchange different customs to one another.

How did Euclid influence some of the developments in astronomy during the Hellenistic period?

the geometry that he wrote about helped Eratosthenes and Aristarchus calculate the earth size.

What did Stoicism and Epicureanism have in common?

Both believed in living in harmony and in peace

Vocab

Today in class we talked about Sophoucus who wrote Oedipos Rex.

•  a mythical Greek king of Thebes. A tragic hero in Greek mythology, Oedipus accidentally fulfilled a prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother, thereby bringing disaster to his city and family.

We also talked about Lysistrata 

•  an ancient Greek comedy by Aristophanes, originally performed in classical Athens in 411 BC. It is a comic account of a woman's extraordinary mission to end the Peloponnesian War between Greek city states by denying all the men of the land. 

Test Question

fatal flaw- hubris

New Unit

Today in class I read from the textbook and answered questions in my notebook. Here are some of the things that I was taking note of.

Pericles

• Was born c. 495 B.C. in Athens, Greece.
•  His father Xanthippus, was a famous general and statesman who came from a wealthy family of aristocrats
• Ancient Greek statesman 

Goals

• Strengthen Democracy
• Glorify Athens
• Strengthen Athenian Empire

Strengthen Democracy

• paying public officials

Glorifying Athens

• rebuilt and beautified with art, and architecture set standards

Strengthening Empire

• expanded the empire by building a strong naval fleet

More presentation

Today we had some really good presentations and people put in some A quality work. I am nervous to see what we got. I really liked Sam and Anthonys project because all of the class got to precipitate and share ideas. I liked that Sean, Kyle, and Trent put together spears and explained their project well.

Our presentation

Today we presented and it didn't go as bad as I thought. I thought it was decent and maybe we'll get a decent grade. Everyones presentations looked good and everyone spent a lot of time on them. I'm so hungry and tired.

Presentations

Today in class Olivia, Caitlin, Miel, Leigh, and Gia all researched Ancient Greek woman. They showed how they did their make up, cooked, and weaved. The video they presented was filled with lots of facts and turned out to be pretty funny. The food was good even though I later regretted the dairy.

Sub

Today in class Mr. Schick wasn't here so we continued to work on our projects that we will be presenting tomorrow. I will have to bring in a sword and a shield because it went along with our presentation.

Project

Today in class we worked on a project that we have due on Wednesday. We finished our video over the weekend so all that's left is to do the paper. We broke up the paper today and worked on it most of class.

Test Tomorrow

arable
suitable for growing crops, 20% of Greece

most valuable crop in Greece
olives

Mycenaeans
a group of people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; leading city called Mycenae which could withstand any attack; absorbed Crete culture, wall

Trojan War
1200 BCE it was a real war in the Iliad

Dorians
In about 1100 B.C. these people overcame the Mycenaean culture, Greece's earliest culture.
writing disappeared for 400 years

Homer
ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey


Homeric Question
the doubt and consequent debate over the identity of Homer, the authorship of the Iliad and Odyssey, and their historicity

Polis
A city-state in ancient Greece.

Monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen

Aristocracy
A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people

Tryanny
A government where the leader gained power by force

aristocrat
a member of the most powerful class in ancient Greek society

In the symposium, Greek aristocrats:
cultivated their appreciation of wine, women, and the arts.

draconian
unnessarly harsh

tyrant
someone who rules outside the framework of the polis

Solon's reforms
outlaws debt slavery
all Athenian citizens can speak at the assembly

Clesithenes
Father of democracy
council of 500

Hippias
the last tyrant of Athens, thrown out through cooperation of Athenians and Spartans
worked with Darius 1 to help invade Marathon

Isagoras and Cleisthenes
Isagoras had support from some fellow aristocrats, plus from Sparta
Cleisthenes had support of the majority of Athenians

508 BCE
Cleisthenes creates democratic government in Athens after Isagoras gets thrown out by the people

Direct Democracy
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Agora
citizens argued, made speeches, then voted with white stones (yes) / black stones (no)

infantry
soldiers who fight on foot

Trireme
Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships.

Phalanx
A military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields

Persian Empire vs Greece
Greece
iron weapons meant ordinary citizens could afford to arm themselves
foot soldiers (hoplites) trained from an early age
Persian
first archers (do damage from a distance)
then cavalry (they disrupt communication between generals and soldiers)

Socrates
(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Plato
(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Aristotle
A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Spartans vs Athenians

 SPARTANS

Greeks were certainly a warlike people - especially the Spartans

Spartans were known for their tough, ruthless infantry: soldiers who fought on land

Spartan boys trained from the time they were seven 

ATHENIANS

Athens had a great infantry, too, but nothing could compare with their navy

their most effective weapon was the trireme

PHALANX

close-rank, dense grouping of warriors

armed with long spears and interlocking shields

Greek

iron weapons meant ordinary citizens could afford to arm themselves

foot soldiers (hoplites) trained from an early age

armed with spears, swords, shields

often fought in phalanx formation

“home field” advantage

motivated to preserve democracy

VS

Persian

first archers (do damage from a distance)

then cavalry (they disrupt communication between generals and soldiers)

then lightly armored infantry (carried spear, sword, and bow)

huge numbers

long way from home

professional army (soldiers for hire, or mercenaries)

Project

Today in class we worked on our project that we will be presenting on March 27th. For my project I am working with Sydney Walsh and Queen, and Sophia. For our project we are researching Athenian and Spartan kids. The question behind this was " how did these 2 powerful civilizations grow up to be a dominate civilization?" To represent our topic we are planning to make skits and then explain them. I promise it's going to be a lot more interesting than it sounds.

Athens Boys

Children took part in many religious rituals. At age 3 a young boy tasted his first wine at the festive of Dionysus and also served as temple boys where they assisted at sacrificial rituals. By age seven boys in Athens began attending school. The young wealthy boys were accompanied to school by their paidagogos or male tutor. Sometimes in other families a male slave would take a masters’ son to school. Books were extremely rare and very expensive in ancient Athens, so students did their work on waxed-covered tablets and a stylus. Subjects were not unlike those taught today. Many scenes on pottery and in art illustrate young students seated around their teacher. They were taught math including fractions, addition, subtraction, division and multiplication. They learned the words of Homer, to read and to write. Music instruction usually included learning to play the lyre. Physical education was extremely important in Athens, and sports included use of the bow and arrow and the sling, competitions in wrestling and swimming were also included in the curricula. The more wealthy were taught the skill of horseback riding.

greece crucible of civilization

After rule by tyrants of the aristocratic class and a struggle for power, Cleisthenes (570-507 B.C.), himself an aristocrat, sided with the common people of Athens and brought democracy into being. From this beginning, western democracy developed and flourished. All the while during their early maturation into a Mediterranean power, Athens and other city-states had to live with the threat of war from expansionist Sparta as well as the vast Persian Empire. But democracy had taken root, and it proved in the long run to be a greater force than the mightiest of armies.

DEMOCRACY

Isagoras becomes archon eponymous (tyrant)
He ostracizes Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes’ supporters - and the ordinary Athenian citizens- revolt against Isagoras tyranny
they trap Isagoras on the acropolis for two days - on the third day he fled and was banished
508 BCE

Cleisthenes - definitely a member of the elite

very rich

insulated from the “hoi polloi”

crafty politician

Artistocracy

Aristocrats:
members of the ruling class

they attended symposiums, meetings where the elite men would enjoy wine and poetry, performances by dancers and acrobats, and the company of hetaeras (courtesans) while discussing politic 

Tyranny

sometimes aristocrats would form alliances with hoplites (well-armed soldiers), and set up an alternative form of government called a tyranny

tyrant: someone who rules outside the framework of the polis

modern meaning of tyrant: an abusive or oppressive ruler

the Greek meaning of tyrant: someone who simply seized power (usually with hoplite help)

warring city states

• Vocab
• polis: fundamental political unit, made up of a city and the surrounding countryside
• monarchy: rule by a single person (a king in Greece)
• aristocracy: rule by a small group of noble, very rich, landowning families
• oligarchy: wealthy groups, dissatisfied with aristocratic rule, who seized power (often with military help)
• tyrant: powerful individual who seized control by appealing to the common people for support
• Draco (621 BCE)
• all Athenians are equal under the law
• death is the punishment for many crimes
• debt slavery is allowed
• Solon (594 BCE)
• outlaws debt slavery
• all Athenian citizens can speak at the assembly
• any citizen can press charges against wrongdoers
• arranged social classes
• Cleisthenes (500 BCE)
• allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate at the assembly
• created the Council of Five Hundred
• 10 groups formed by wealth
• only free adult male property owners born in Athens were considered citizens
• women slaves were considered “foreigners”

greek mythology

In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. The core of the Iliad describes a period of four days and two nights in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war's heroes. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments.

Sea People

• around 1200 BCE the mysterious “sea people” began to invade Mycenae, and burnt palace after palace
• so, the Dorians moved into this war-torn region, dominating from 1150 - 750 BCE
• Dorians were far less advanced
• the trade-based economy collapsed
• writing disappeared for 400 years

greece geography

Mainland Greece is a mountainous land almost completely surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Greece has more than 1400 islands. The country has mild winters and long, hot and dry summers. The ancient Greeks were a seafaring people. They traded with other countries around the Mediterranean. Many cities created settlements overseas known as colonies. There are more than 2,000 large and smaller greek islands scattered both in the Aegean and the Ionian Sea. Most of them are located in the Aegean between the mainland and Turkey. The largest Greek island is Crete and the second largest is Evia. Lesvos and Rhodes come next. Some of the most famous islands are Santorini, Mykonos, Rhodes, Crete, Zakynthos and Corfu.

• Greece is a mountainous peninsula, mountains cover three-quarters of Greece
• approximately 2000 islands in the Ionian and Aegean Seas
• this combination shaped Greece’s culture
• they had many skilled sailors and shipbuilders also farmers, metalworkers, weavers, potters
• they had poor / limited natural resources, so they needed to trade
• it was difficult to unite the ancient Greeks because of the terrain
• they developed small, independent communities (city-states) that’s who they were loyal to

GREECE

Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. AD 600). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era. Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece, Greek urban pole is began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the Archaic period and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin.

Quest on Monday

To review we did a worksheet and went over a powerpoint. We have the test or quiz whatever you call it on Monday. I think I'm pretty prepared.

Checking for Understanding

Agriculture.

The single most important contribution of the Nile River to Egypt was that of agriculture. The annual floods deposited a layer of nutrient rich silt, making the Nile Valley one of the most agriculturally productive areas on Earth. The production of food was the single most important necessity of ancient cultures. Once that essential need was met the Ancient Egyptians had a valuable byproduct--time. And what they did with that byproduct is what shaped their history, and that is why even today we can see the remains of arguably the most interesting civilization that ever existed.

Economics

Agriculture made the Ancient Egyptians a very wealthy people. Their agricultural surpluses generated vast amounts of money in the way of raw materials and finished goods which allowed Egypt to become one of the most, if not the most powerful nation in the region.

Culture/Religion

The great amount of surplus wealth that agriculture generated allowed Egypt to advance both in culture and religion. In fact the priesthood, which held a huge amount of land and other wealth, was often more powerful than Pharaoh himself, exerting its influence on virtually every aspect of Egyptian life, especially on that of the Pharaoh from the time of childhood to his death. And of course we all know about the religious burial rites that sent Pharaoh into a glorious afterlife.

Pyramids were built to honor passed ruler and told their tombs in to the afterlife.

Section 2 Assessment

1.)  
The Nile Delta's features was a very valuable source used for hunting, fishing and fertile land for crops.
The pharaoh was the political and religious leader of the Egyptian people.
A theocracy is a political system based on religion.
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and queens.
By mummification, the Ancient Egyptians believed they were assuring themselves a successful rebirth into the afterlife.
 Hieroglyphics was one of the writing systems used by ancient Egyptians to represent their language.
The ancient Egyptians used papyrus to make paper, baskets, sandals, mats, rope, blankets, and clothes. 
3.) Being surrounded by the desert shut out invaders from attacking the ancient Egyptians.
4.) The Egyptians viewed the pharaoh as living gods. Egyptians believed that their pharaoh took full responsibility for the kingdom's well-being, the sun to rise, the rivers to overflow, and the crops to grow.
5.)Egyptians mummified bodies to preserve them for the afterlife.

EGYPT

I used really enjoy learning about mummies when I was little and went to a museum. I know have 20 books on Egypt for no apparent reason so most information I knew.
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.

Worksheet on Code

Today we worked on a sheet where we decided the appropriate punishment that felt fit best for the crime. For example if a builder accidentally improperly builds a houses roof wrong and it collapses and it kills a family then is he at fault. I don't think he did this on purpose. Since he didn't do it on purpose I don't believe harsh treatment is a fair punishment. It doesn't seem that Hammurabi had any punishments that weren't harsh though.

Hittes

Today was has been long and boring and we took some notes
Hittite Empire
The Hittites were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Suppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Anatolia as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.

Happy Valentines Day

The Code of Hammurabi was one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, proclaimed by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, who reigned from 1792 to 1750 B.C. Hammurabi expanded the city-state of Babylon along the Euphrates River to unite all of southern Mesopotamia. The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice. Hammurabi’s Code was carved onto a massive, finger-shaped black stone stele (pillar) that was looted by invaders and finally rediscovered in 1901.The 282 edicts are all written in if-then form. For example, if a man steals an ox, then he must pay back 30 times its value. The edicts range from family law to professional contracts and administrative law, often outlining different standards of justice for the three classes of Babylonian society—the propertied class, freedmen and slaves.

Powerpoint

Today in class we got our tests back. I did pretty well and got an overall 96. I'm still pretty mad that I missed yaks but what can you do about it. It was a 2 hour delay today so the classes were shortened by a lot. It was overall a really good day. Also recently I've been into the theory behind aliens so more on that to come.

Notes on Mesopatomia

Religion
Many people in the Fertile Crescent believed in many gods (polytheism)
They believed Gods were immortal and all powerful
To keep the Gods happy they build ziggurats and brought upon them sacrifices.
Believed you went to the land of no return

Social classes
high level
kings, landholders, priest
mid
wealthy merchants,
average
worked in fields or workshops
low
slaves

Woman
They had surprisingly a lot of rights compared to civilizations later on.

The First Empire Builders
city states were constantly at war
although the many attacks happened theSummeran stayed alive
set of rulers adapted to the basic ideas of Summeran culture.

Death Penalty

I don't think abolishing the death penalty was a good decision. Personally I think that looking from an economical point of view its a waste of money. Now I want to run for president. The Indus River was the home to an extremely successful civilization. It would flood the land with nutrients twice per year, super reliably. Because of this regular flooding, the Indus Valley contained the most available calories per acre of any river of its time. Things grew easily, and the civilization flourished around 3000 BCE. They were a peaceful people with many architectural achievements.Sumer is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq,  Early Bronze ages, and one of the first civilizations in the world along with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place.

Test

Today we took a test on the video we watched in class. I think I did fairly well even though I forgot yaks. I liked the topic I did my essay on. Overall I think my grade will go up from a D. At least I hope it goes up from a D because that would really bring my GPA down a lot. Hopefully next unit we wont be watched a video because I found that to be very boring. I think I learned a good amount, but nothing too fascinating. Sorry.

Fertile Cresent

The Fertile Crescent is blessed with animals and crops. Geographically lucky. Can move laterally and be perfectly fine. The whole area has good land and domestic animals to form a good civilization. They spread their technology to Egypt and farming advanced.
Gwarr is a city with a civilization that used plaster to enclose shelter and make home more efficient. They had specialized workers that weaved and made clothes from animal skin and fur.
100 million cattle in the US and 20 million tons of wheat in the US
What it all comes down to is geological advantages. 

No school again

Here's a look at what my winter wonderland looks like. It's not too interesting besides the lacrosse equipment and the few big trees, but at least it's something.

No school

Due to weather conditions we don't have school today. Im really bummed out about this but hopefully we'll have it tomorrow.

Papa New Guinea

In class we discussed Jared Diamond as a researcher and as a human being, he is convinced that all people have the same potential. Hunter gatherers are just as intelligent, resourceful, and diligent as anybody else. Yet material "success" isn't equally distributed across the globe. Civilization sprung up in relatively few places and spread in a defined pattern. Diamond argues that civilization arose from regions that we're susceptible the domestication of both plants and large mammals to plow fields. This combination vastly increased food production, which in turn supported larger populations. From there, it's the standard political economy story about the positive feedback loop of prosperity and social complexity favoring the evolution of more complex forms of social organization, specialization, increased technical innovation, etc. 

Domestic Animals

14 domestic animals 100 pounds or more

1. goats
2. sheep
3. pigs
4. cows
5. horses
6. donkeys 
7. bactrian camel
8. arabian camel
9. water buffalo
10. llama
11. reindeer
12. yaks
13. mithun
14. belli cattle

Animals were a big factor in the evolution of agriculture and civilization.
Goats were probably the first animals to be domesticated, followed closely by sheep. In Southeast Asia, chickens also were domesticated about 10,000 years ago. Later, people began domesticating larger animals, such as oxen or horses, for plowing and transportation

More on Jared Diamond

All people were still Stone Age hunter/gatherers. At that point, a great divide occurred in the rates that human societies evolved. In Eurasia, parts of the Americas, and Africa, farming became the prevailing mode of existence when indigenous wild plants and animals were domesticated by prehistoric planters and herders. As Jared Diamond vividly reveals, the very people who gained a head start in producing food would collide with preliterate cultures, shaping the modern world through conquest, displacement, and genocide.The paths that lead from scattered centers of food to broad bands of settlement had a great deal to do with climate and geography. But how did differences in societies arise? Why weren't native Australians, Americans, or Africans the ones to colonize Europe? Diamond dismantles pernicious racial theories tracing societal differences to biological differences. He assembles convincing evidence linking germs to domestication of animals, germs that Eurasians then spread in epidemic proportions in their voyages of discovery. In its sweep, Guns, Germs and Steel encompasses the rise of agriculture, technology, writing, government, and religion, providing a unifying theory of human history as intriguing as the histories of dinosaurs and glaciers.

Guns, Germs, and Steel

Diamond embarks on a world-wide quest to understand the roots of global inequality. He goes to New Guinea to trace the humanities journey from framing to the last Ice Age. Race was a big factor in this time period. Yoli wanted to know why places have more cargo then others. Why since ancient times have some societies progresses faster than others? During the Ice age the Middle East was thriving. They were hunter gatherers. They had to track the animal then shoot them with a bow and arrow. The women are the gatherers and the most prominent food source is wild sago. Enables them to make weapons. How did they survive with this little food supply. A granary was found which was a building where grain was stored. They were hardy and durable so this is what they ate. The thought behind this is that they started to grow their own food and stay close to water. This was the start of the first farmers of the world, unconsciously. Hunter gatherers were at a disadvantage because they couldn't compete. China then started to grow rice. Americans grew corm. Later in Africa they grew sorgum, millet, and yams. However in New Guinea, this was very different. Taro crops and cereal crops differ because it's more time consuming, and low in protein. This causes an unbalanced diet. Farming is crucial to the story of human inequality, but the type of framing is also a big factor. Geographic location affects this. Domestic animals started to be added, introduced to this way of life. Animal were mutually beneficial in regards to the relationship between plants and animals.

Grading Essay's

Mr. Schick graded all our essays todays. Colin and I were the last to have our essays graded so while we did silent work he graded them. Mr. Schick is really knowledgable about english so hearing his opinions really helped. I did pretty good on the exam and found the class to be easy because i enjoyed all the topics we covered. Overall Human Geography was really fun and I enjoyed the class a lot. Debating was very interesting and I even enjoyed writing about what were learning. I really hope that Western Civ is just as fun.

Test

Today we learned that if we have snow this week then we have to take our religion test on Tuesday when we're starting Western Civilization. I don't want to take the test because I already have a high grade in this class and i don't want to jeopardize that. Mr. Schick also started to give us riddles about life and it started to hurt my head. I also found that watching animal cams is really soothing and helps me relax. In langue arts while we worked on our posters we listened to Dolly Parton and now I have her music stuck in my head. Tonight I'm going to study for my oral exam in french and relax.

5 Religions

The religion Christianity is the largest religion in the world, with around 2.2 billion followers. The followers called Christians believe in Jesus Christ being the son of God. They believe that he led a virtuous life till the day he was crussifiated and rose into heaven. These stories are in the holy book, the Bible, but specific stories of Jesus life and teachings is found in the Gospels. The Christian religion has many different denominations that believe this main idea. These denominations include the Catholic church, Eastern Orthodox. and  Protestants. These Christans are spread out all over from Europe, to the Americans, and southern Africa

Isalm is the second largest religion in the world, with 1.5 billion followers. Muslims are found in Indonesia, Middle East, and north Africa. Muslims much like Christians are monotheistic and believe in one God called the Allah. They devote their life praying to the Allah and observing Islamic law. They read from the holy book Qur’an , which is very much simular to the bible. They do this by following the five pillars. This is something very important to their devoted faith for both denominations, the Sunnis and the Shiites.

With 1.1 billion follower is the religion Hinduism. Hindu's live mostly in India and Nepal. This explains why it's the third largest religion in the world. Following the Vedas on the polyistic faith they believe in reincarnation. This religion has no distinct founder and it's more commonly describvled as a philosophy or way or life.

Buddhism has 500 million to 1.5 billion Buddhist followers. This number varies so much because the religions can have common aspect of other religions such as Christianity. many followers can classify as both religions, but there ever seems to have a check box with two checks. Buddhists believe in that there is suffering in the world but there are ways to reach happiness. Buddha scarified everything to find his purpose of life. In my opinion this is the most interesting.

Juddhism is the smallest of the 5 religions we're studying this may be because of the attempted genocide of Jewish people during the Holocaust. Most are found in the holy land Israel and the United States. The holy book is called the Torah and includes the 10 books from the Old Testament.

todays class

In todays class we went over the packet we were given and highlighted things. We talked about how big of a religion Christianity is. We also discussed the practices of a Baptist church. It seems like its really fun because everyone is so energetic. It would be nice to introduce some new music at chruch to make it less dreading. We also got our exam grade for the multiple choice section. I thought that I would do better not going to lie. A 93 is good but could've been better. I was also one away from having the highest in the class which is frustrating, but its okay maybe I'll live. I can't believe tomorrows Friday. This week went by so fast.

Pow Wow

7 sacraments

• Baptism.
• Eucharist.
• Confirmation.
• Reconciliation.
• Anointing of the sick.
• Marriage.
• Holy orders.

Today in class we discussed the questions we had. We talked a lot about Protestant churches. I didn't realize how many Lutherans we had in our class. Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German monk, reformer and theologian. Mr. Schick also explained how they say an extra part to a prayer and dont do the sign of the cross.

Religion Research

The Rig-Veda is one of the 4 Vedas. It is also the largest text of the Vedic collection. It has 1028 hymns and it is divided into ten books called mandalas. It has many metaphors and allusions that are hard to interpret. The Sama-Veda has 1549 stanzas and some are like the Rig-Veda, but are they are arranged differently since they are meant to be chanted. The Yajur-Veda is divided into the White and Black Yajur-Veda and contains descriptions on how to perform religious rituals and sacrifices. It has 1875 verses. The Atharva-Veda contains charms and has a more folk style. It has 760 hymns.

The practice of indulgences is a way to pay the church money in order for your venial sins. The thought behind it was that if you pay money then your less sins will be forgiven which means you won't have to spend more time in purgatory. I think Martin Luther disagreed with indulgences because he didn't believe paying money had any connection to Gods image of us. 
http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his101/web/37luther.htm

Hajj is a pilgrimage by Muslims to the holy city of Mecca. This journey is annual and a mandatory religious duty. The pilgrimage rite begins on the the last month of the Islamic year and ends on the 12th day.  Its one of the 5 pillars
.When the pilgrim is about 6 miles from Mecca, they enter the state of holiness known as ihram. They then wear garment and the ones for for men they consist of two white seamless sheets that are wrapped around the body, while women may wear sewn clothes. They are to then enter Mecca and walk seven times around the sacred shrine called the Kaʿbah, in the Great Mosque, kiss or touch the Black Stone Male pilgrims heads are then usually shaved, and female pilgrims remove a lock of hair. After throwing seven stones at each of the three pillars at Mina on three days , the pilgrim returns to Mecca to perform the farewell of the Kaʿbah before leaving the city.

Adherents VS CIA World Fact Book

The information from adherents is a little different than the more updated information on the CIA World Factbook. This is quite ironic since the website adherents is known for having information specifically on religions. On adherents it has the percentages for 2005 at Christianity 33% of the world, Islam at 22%, Hinduism at 14%, Buddhism at 6%, and Judaism at .22%. On the CIA World Factbook it has the percentages for Christianity at 31.4% of the world, Islam at 23.2%, Hindu 15%, Buddhist 7.1%, and 0.2 for Jewish. It seems that the Christianity population has decreased, while other religions have increased by a little. Judaism has remained roughly the same, but I am still very surprised that the amount of Jewish people are so low. World War 2 had a big impact on this. Now seeing the CIA World Factbooks information is roughly updated and has so much information, I think its more of a reliable source than adherents.com.

Buddism and Christianity

I found todays lesson really interesting because my family friend is an orthodox buddist and i found his philosophy on life really interesting. I then went over to his house where in a big room he has his own little temple I guess where he can meditate and self reflect.Practicing this made me for thankful for life and I started to get more involved in my own church. Whenever I can i like to participate the youth group and I even play guitar for the chorus at times. Meditation helps me focus more on the good things and how I can be a better person. I don't really know if I believe in reincarnation or enlightenment since I follow the practices of the catholic church of heaven and hell. I also thought that it was interesting how Jewish people don't pray to saints. Then it brought up the topic what makes a saint a saint. How do we know if they are even in heaven. I think learning about other religions is fascinating because it gives you insight into what is important to people.

Religon

The new unit we are going over in class is about the 5 major religions. We talked about how Christianity has changed because of Martin Luther King. He wrote a list of 95 things that he thought were wrong with the church and pinned it on the church door. The church did not agree with what he thought was wrong. Martin then thought that it was wrong so he made his own religion. It is called Protestant. Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively between 800 million and more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians. It originated with the 16th century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.